NAD+

Overview

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme naturally present in every cell of the human body. It is essential for producing cellular energy, maintaining mitochondrial function and supporting numerous biological processes involved in healthy ageing and cellular repair.

Because NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, it has become one of the most extensively researched molecules in longevity and performance science.

How It Works

NAD+ plays a central role in converting nutrients into ATP, the body’s primary source of cellular energy. It also serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA repair, mitochondrial maintenance and cellular stress responses, including the sirtuin family of proteins.

Potential Areas of Research

Current scientific research is investigating NAD+ in relation to:

  • Cellular energy production
  • Mitochondrial function
  • Healthy ageing
  • Exercise recovery
  • Metabolic health
  • Cognitive performance
  • DNA repair
  • Cellular resilience
Research Highlights

Research suggests that maintaining healthy NAD+ levels may help support normal mitochondrial function and healthy ageing. Scientists continue to investigate its role in exercise recovery, metabolic health and cognitive function.

MOTS-c

MOTS-c

MOTS-c is a naturally occurring peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA. It has attracted growing interest because of its potential role in regulating energy metabolism, metabolic flexibility and exercise performance.

Unlike many peptides, MOTS-c is produced naturally within mitochondria, the structures responsible for generating energy inside cells.
How It Works
MOTS-c helps regulate how cells utilize glucose and fatty acids for energy. Research suggests it may activate metabolic pathways involved in insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial efficiency and adaptation to physical activity.

  • Energy metabolism
  • Exercise performance
  • Metabolic flexibility
  • Insulin sensitivity
  • Mitochondrial health
  • Healthy ageing
  • Endurance
  • Body composition

SS-31

SS-31

Overview
SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting peptide designed to support mitochondrial function. It has been investigated in several clinical studies involving mitochondrial diseases and other conditions related to impaired cellular energy production.
How It Works
SS-31 selectively targets the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it helps stabilize mitochondrial structure and support efficient energy production. Researchers are studying its potential role in reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial performance.

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    • Mitochondrial function

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    • Cellular energy

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    • Muscle performance

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  • Exercise recovery
  • Healthy ageing
  • Cardiovascular health
  • Neuromuscular disorders

VITAMIN B12

VITAMIN B12

Overview
Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin required for normal energy metabolism, red blood cell formation and nervous system function. It is not a peptide, but it is frequently included in wellness and performance protocols because deficiency can significantly affect energy levels and overall health.
How It Works
Vitamin B12 functions as a cofactor in several important biochemical reactions involved in DNA synthesis, neurological function and the production of healthy red blood cells. Adequate B12 levels are necessary for normal cellular metabolism.
Vitamin B12 has been extensively studied for its role in:

  • Energy metabolism
  • Nervous system health
  • Red blood cell production
  • Cognitive function
  • Exercise performance in deficient individuals
  • General wellbeing

Research Highlights
Vitamin B12 deficiency is well recognized in medical practice and can lead to anaemia and neurological symptoms. Supplementation is beneficial for individuals with confirmed deficiency, while research continues to evaluate its broader role in performance and wellness.

⁠⁠CJC-1295

⁠⁠CJC-1295

Overview
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH). It is studied for its ability to stimulate the body’s natural production of growth hormone rather than supplying growth hormone directly.

CJC-1295 binds to GHRH receptors in the pituitary gland, encouraging the release of endogenous growth hormone. This may increase circulating IGF-1 levels, which researchers study in relation to recovery, body composition and performance.
Potential Areas of Research

  • ⁠ ⁠Growth hormone secretion
  • ⁠ ⁠Recovery after exercise
  • ⁠ ⁠Lean muscle support
  • ⁠ ⁠Sleep quality
  • ⁠ ⁠Body composition
  • ⁠ ⁠Exercise performance
  • ⁠ ⁠Healthy ageing

Ipamorelin

Ipamorelin

Overview
Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates growth hormone release while having minimal effects on other pituitary hormones. It is commonly studied for recovery and performance.

How It Works

Ipamorelin activates ghrelin receptors (GHS-R1a), promoting the natural release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland.

  • ⁠ ⁠Recovery
  • ⁠ ⁠Lean muscle support
  • ⁠ ⁠Growth hormone secretion
  • ⁠ ⁠Sleep quality
  • ⁠ ⁠Exercise performance
  • ⁠ ⁠Healthy ageing

⁠CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin

⁠CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin

Overview
This combination is one of the most widely researched peptide protocols for stimulating the body’s natural growth hormone pathway. The two compounds work through different mechanisms that may complement each other.
How It Works
CJC-1295 stimulates GHRH receptors, while Ipamorelin activates ghrelin receptors. Together, researchers study whether they can produce a more physiological release of growth hormone than either compound alone.
Potential Areas of Research

  • ⁠ ⁠Exercise recovery
  • ⁠ ⁠Lean muscle support
  • ⁠ ⁠Sleep quality
  • ⁠ ⁠Growth hormone optimisation
  • ⁠ ⁠Body composition
  • ⁠ ⁠Healthy ageing
  • ⁠ ⁠Physical performance

BPC-157

What is it?

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic peptide derived from a naturally occurring protein found in gastric juice. It is one of the most widely researched peptides for its potential role in supporting tissue repair and regeneration.

Potential Benefits
  • Support tendon and ligament recovery.
  • Accelerate muscle repair after injuries or intense training.
  • Promote wound healing and soft tissue regeneration.
  • Help reduce inflammation.
  • Assist in the recovery of sprains, strains, and sports injuries.
  • Stimulate angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), improving oxygen and nutrient delivery to injured tissues.
  • Support gastrointestinal health and the repair of the digestive lining.
  • Improve mobility and shorten recovery time following injuries.
 

BPC-157 is believed to stimulate pathways involved in tissue regeneration, enhance angiogenesis, modulate inflammatory responses, and support collagen production. It is also being investigated for its potential effects on growth factor signaling.

Areas of Potential Use
  • Sports injuries
  • Tendon and ligament health
  • Muscle recovery
  • Digestive health
  • Wound healing
  • Post-surgical recovery

TB-500

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment)

What is it?

TB-500 is a synthetic fragment derived from Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring protein found throughout the body. It is being studied for its potential to support tissue repair, muscle recovery, and regenerative processes.

Potential Benefits

  • enhance muscle recovery.
  • support tendon and ligament healing.
  • promote wound healing.
  • stimulate the formation of new blood vessels.
  • improve flexibility and mobility.
  • help regulate inflammation during the healing process.
  • shorten recovery time following sports-related injuries.
  • support the regeneration of multiple tissue types.

Mechanism of Action

TB-500 is believed to promote cell migration to injured tissues, stimulate angiogenesis, and assist in tissue remodeling, helping coordinate the body's natural healing response.

  • Sports recovery
  • Tendon injuries
  • Ligament injuries
  • Muscle recovery
  • Wound healing
  • Mobility support.

Wolverine

Wolverine (BPC-157 + TB-500)

What is it?

Wolverine is the combination of BPC-157 and TB-500, two of the most researched peptides for tissue repair and recovery. They are often combined because their mechanisms of action may complement each other, providing broader support for the healing process.

Potential Benefits

  • support tendon and ligament recovery, one of its most common research applications.
  • accelerate muscle repair following injuries or intense physical training.
  • assist in the recovery of sprains, strains, and other sports-related injuries.
  • help reduce inflammation, improving mobility and reducing discomfort associated with injury.
  • promote wound healing and soft tissue repair.
  • stimulate angiogenesis, enhancing oxygen and nutrient delivery to damaged tissues.
  • shorten recovery time before returning to physical activity.
  • provide comprehensive support by targeting multiple tissue types involved in the healing process.

Mechanism of Action

    • BPC-157 primarily supports localized tissue repair, angiogenesis, and inflammation regulation.
    • TB-500 promotes cell migration, tissue remodeling, and systemic regeneration.

Together, these peptides are being investigated for their potential synergistic effects on tissue repair and recovery.

Areas of Potential Use

  • Sports injuries
  • Post-surgical recovery
  • Tendon and ligament health
  • Muscle recovery
  • Soft tissue repair
  • Recovery after intense exercise

Evidence Status: Although this combination is widely discussed in regenerative medicine and sports performance communities, scientific evidence in humans remains limited. Most available data comes from preclinical research, and neither peptide is approved as a treatment for these indications.

Thymosin Alpha-1

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)

What is it?

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1) is a naturally occurring peptide produced by the thymus gland, an organ that plays a vital role in the development and regulation of the immune system. It has been extensively studied for its immunomodulatory properties and is used clinically in some countries for specific immune-related conditions.

Potential Benefits

    • support a healthy immune system.
    • enhance the body's response to infections.
    • help regulate inflammation and immune balance.
    • contribute to healthy immune aging (immunosenescence).
    • Supports the maturation and activity of T-lymphocytes.
    • improve recovery during periods of physical stress.
    • help maintain immune resilience as we age.

Thymosin Alpha-1 enhances both innate and adaptive immune responses by promoting the activation and maturation of T-cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. It also helps regulate cytokine production, supporting a balanced immune response.

Areas of Potential Use

    • Immune support
    • Healthy aging
    • Recovery
    • Inflammation management
    • General wellness

Evidence Status: One of the most extensively studied peptides in this category. It has approved medical uses in some countries for specific immune-related conditions, while its application for longevity and performance remains under investigation.

DSIP

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)

What is it?

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide first identified for its potential role in regulating sleep. Although its exact physiological function is still being studied, it has gained attention for its possible effects on sleep quality, recovery, and stress regulation.

Benefits

  • improve sleep quality and duration.
  • promote deeper, more restorative sleep.
  • help regulate the body's stress response.
  • enhance physical recovery during sleep.
  • reduce fatigue and improve daytime energy.
  • support recovery after intense exercise.
  • contribute to overall relaxation and well-being.

Mechanism of Action

DSIP is believed to interact with neurotransmitter systems involved in sleep regulation and may influence hormone secretion related to stress and recovery, although its exact mechanism remains incompletely understood.

Areas of Potential Use

  • Sleep optimization
  • Recovery
  • Stress management
  • Athletic recovery
  • General wellness

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin)

What is it?

Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin) is the biologically active form of vitamin B12, an essential nutrient required for energy production, red blood cell formation, nerve function, and DNA synthesis. Although it is not technically a peptide, it is commonly included in performance and wellness protocols due to its important role in overall health.

Potential Benefits

  • Supports normal energy production.
  • Helps maintain healthy brain and nervous system function.
  • Supports red blood cell production and oxygen transport.
  • help reduce fatigue associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • support physical performance by maintaining healthy energy metabolism.
  • Plays an essential role in DNA synthesis and cellular function.
  • Supports overall metabolic health and well-being.

Mechanism of Action

Methylcobalamin acts as a coenzyme in essential metabolic reactions, including DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. It is also involved in maintaining healthy nerve cells and myelin production.

Areas of Potential Use

  • Energy support
  • Athletic performance
  • Nervous system health
  • Cognitive function
  • Red blood cell production
  • Overall wellness